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Email: info@dissertationindia.comDissertation Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04856268284423446277noreply@blogger.comBlogger100125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6795576222697885643.post-61918806314183208222020-10-31T08:20:00.001+00:002020-10-31T08:20:53.124+00:00PhD Proposal - PROPOSAL ON AFRICA AND THE WTO DISPUTE SETTLEMENT MECHANISM: UNDERLYING CHALLENGES AND REFORM PROPOSALS<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 132.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 132.0pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 132.0pt; text-align: center;"><a name="_gjdgxs"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">PROPOSAL
ON AFRICA AND THE WTO DISPUTE SETTLEMENT MECHANISM: UNDERLYING CHALLENGES AND
REFORM PROPOSALS<span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 132.0pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-highlight: white;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">NS (<span style="color: red;">move
to the top</span>)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">African Group of Negotiators
– AGN<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">African Group – AG<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Appellate Body – AB<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Dispute Settlement Mechanism
– DSM<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Dispute Settlement
Understanding – DSU<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Economic Partnership
Agreements – EPAs<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">International Court of
Justice – ICJ<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Lomé Convention - LC<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Least Developed Countries –
LDCs<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">General Agreements on Tariffs
and Trade – GATT<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Marrakesh Agreement – MA<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Special and Differential
Treatment – SDT<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">World Trade Organization –
WTO<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">At the
inception of the GATT as a predecessor to the WTO regime, there were countless
promises of prosperity to the world, particularly the developing world were to
expect socio-economic transformation as the wealthy nations embarked on
lowering and eventually eliminating tariffs on exports from poorer nations.
However, the GATT/WTO regime has failed these nations with the existing legal
regime, governance structures, mechanisms, and the decision-making processes.
The first is that obstacles <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;">exist </span></b><span style="color: red;">Will </span>participate
both in terms of agenda-setting in relation to negotiations/rule-making
processes and accessing developed nations' markets even after they have agreed
to the already skewed rules under the WTO regime. The second level of the
obstacles are embedded in the inaccessible and ineffective dispute settlement
mechanism for poorer countries whenever they would have needed to seek a recourse.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">PURPOSE<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The purpose of
this study is to examine in detail certain challenges that have inhibited the
participation of African countries under the WTO dispute settlement mechanism. <span style="color: red;">Therefore the current study will investigate the possible
solutions such as assisting African countries to come up with advanced
trade-policy infrastructures, amend the rules and regulation of DSB/DSU and
others which would address the barriers inhibiting African countries
participation under the WTO rules. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Several dispute
cases with regard to WTO regime has been recorded chronologically of which some
of them include measures concerning the imported products in general, Safeguard
measures on certain steel products, Measures relating to Raw Materials,
Measures related to exportation of products and technology, Anti-dumping
measures on Steel pipes, Measures concerning imported spirits, Provisional
Anti-dumping duties, and so forth. The current study includes 1420 participants
that include respondents, complainants and 3rd Party from African countries who
are aware of WTO’s DSM. <span style="color: red;">These cases will be examined as
part of the study to see whether or not common threads /themes emerge.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><a name="30j0zll"></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Table showing lists of African nations who participated as 3<sup>rd</sup>
Parties in the WTO’s DSM (1995 – 2020).</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1024; width: 557px;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.5pt;" valign="top" width="105">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Country <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 218.7pt;" valign="top" width="292">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Dispute (participation at panel or appellate level)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Total number of African participants<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 47.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 47.6pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.5pt;" valign="top" width="105">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Cameroun, Cote d’Ivoire,
Ghana, Senegal<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: red; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 47.6pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 218.7pt;" valign="top" width="292">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> European Communities – Regime for
the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas (WT/DS27/R/) (Panel and
Appellate Body)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 47.6pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> 4<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.5pt;" valign="top" width="105">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Nigeria & Senegal<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 218.7pt;" valign="top" width="292">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> United States –
Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products (WT/DS58/R) (Panel
& Appellate Body)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: red; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> 2</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.5pt;" valign="top" width="105">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Cameroun, Cote d’Ivoire
& Mauritius<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 218.7pt;" valign="top" width="292">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> European
Communities – Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas
(WT/DS27/RWE/EEC) (Panel)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> 3<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.5pt;" valign="top" width="105">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Mauritius<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 218.7pt;" valign="top" width="292">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> Mexico –
Anti-Dumping Investigation of High Fructose Com Syrup (HFCS) from the United
States (WT/DS132/R) (Panel)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: red; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> 1</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.5pt;" valign="top" width="105">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Egypt<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 218.7pt;" valign="top" width="292">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> European
Communities – Antidumping Duties on the imports of Bed Linen from India<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> 1<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Table
showing lists of African nations who participated as 3<sup>rd</sup> Party
Respondents in the WTO’s DSM (1995 – 2020).</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1024; width: 557px;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.5pt;" valign="top" width="105">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Country <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 218.7pt;" valign="top" width="292">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Dispute (participation at panel or appellate level)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Total number of African participants<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.5pt;" valign="top" width="105">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Egypt<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 218.7pt;" valign="top" width="292">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Egypt – Anti-dumping
Duties on Matches on Pakistan (WT/DS327)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: red; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> 1</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.5pt;" valign="top" width="105">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Egypt<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 218.7pt;" valign="top" width="292">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> Egypt-Measures
Affecting Imports of Textile and Apparel Products from USA (WT/DS305)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> 1<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.5pt;" valign="top" width="105">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Egypt<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 218.7pt;" valign="top" width="292">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Egypt-Definitive
Anti-dumping Measures on Steel Rebar from Turkey (WT/DS211)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> 1<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: 1pt solid black; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.5pt;" valign="top" width="105">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Egypt<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 218.7pt;" valign="top" width="292">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> Egypt – Import
Prohibition on Canned Tuna with Soybean Oil from Thailand (WT/DS205)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> 1<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.5pt;" valign="top" width="105">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 218.7pt;" valign="top" width="292">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.5pt;" valign="top" width="105">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">South Africa<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 218.7pt;" valign="top" width="292">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">South Africa –
Anti-dumping Duties on Certain Pharmaceutical Products from India (WT/DS168)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.5pt;" valign="top" width="105">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">South Africa<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 218.7pt;" valign="top" width="292">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">South Africa –
Definitive Anti-dumping Measures on Blanketing from Turkey (WT/DS288)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: red; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">1</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.5pt;" valign="top" width="105">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Zimbabwe<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 218.7pt;" valign="top" width="292">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">European Communities –
Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products (WT/DS135/R)
(Panel & Appellate Body)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Of
all African nations, it is observed that some of them do not actively take
participation in the proceedings of the DSB in comparison to the industrialized
countries’. This is one of </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">the contentious issues for people working on trade related
issues, particularly in African development discourse and diplomatic circles.
Since the inception of the WTO dispute settlement system, its proceedings are
the main mechanism for settlement of disputes arising amongst the WTO
membership be it global north or south. However, developing countries have a
number of challenges that have limited their ability to participate in the DSB
proceedings. Since those challenges came to light, many studies have examined
the impacts of the WTO’s DSU to settle the disputes as well as how the disputes
and settlement proceedings under the WTO regime stifles Africa’s participation.
<span style="color: red;">This paper will examine several of these studies to
support its findings,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">These
challenges were part of the African Group proposals for better innovation,
improvement, and the development of the WTO’s DSU. <span style="color: red;">Therefore,</span>
this research would identify<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the most
essential obstacles that are inhibiting the African and other third world
countries under the WTO regime and how third world nations deal with those
constraints such as lack of financial and legal resources as well as
enforcement capacity for DSU rulings and compensation. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">This study
will also examine the protectionist exclusion clauses (WTO, 2010) under the WTO
rules and the barriers to participation under the DSU and whether they have
achieved the goal of settling disputes fairly.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">In view of the
above challenges, this study will explore the answers to the following
questions:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 54pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">What are the challenges
confronting African countries under the WTO disputes settlement mechanisms? <span style="color: red;">Specifically:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 54pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(a). <span style="color: red;">Whether
or not </span>,are the litigation cost and duration so expensive (<span style="color: red;">prohibitive</span>)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>for African countries under (<span style="color: red;">to participate in </span>)
the dispute settlement proceedings?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 54pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(b). <span style="color: red;">Whether
or not, </span>Do the <span style="color: red;">legal </span>precedent <span style="color: red;">DSB </span>rulings (<span style="color: red;">from the DSB) </span>deterrent
enough to impede African countries’ participation in the dispute settlement
proceedings?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 54pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(c). Do the DSB have the power and
incentives to enforce its own decisions with limitations?<span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 54pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(d). <span style="color: red;">Whether
or not </span>Are the retaliatory rules in the DSU mechanism considered to be
inefficient? <span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 54pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Whether or not </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">What are the specific
provisions of the WTO legal <span style="color: red;">infrastructure </span>regime
that pose as barriers to African nations?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 54pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Whether or not </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Are they biased provisions
against African and developing countries under the WTO’s DSU/DSB mechanisms?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Which provisions under the
WTO regime and the DSB mechanism are/should be sources of concerns for African
and third world nations?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.4 HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The hypothesis of the thesis
include:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">H1: The litigation cost
and duration is expensive for African countries under the dispute settlement
proceedings<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">H01: The litigation cost
and duration is not so expensive for African countries under the dispute
settlement proceedings<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">H2: DSB have the power and
incentives to enforce its own decisions in the WTO DSM proceedings for African
nations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">H02: DSB does not have the
power and incentives to enforce its own decisions in the WTO DSM proceedings
for African nations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">H3: DSB deterrent enough
to limit African countries’ participation in the dispute settlement proceedings<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">H03: DSB not deterrent
enough to limit African countries’ participation in the dispute settlement
proceedings<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">H4: The specific
provisions of the WTO legal regime pose as barriers to African nations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">H04: The specific
provisions of the WTO legal regime do not pose as barriers to African nations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.5 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The overall
goal of this research is to examine the participation of African countries in
WTO dispute settlement mechanisms. Thus, the study is seeking<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(i). To
examine the extent to which African nations are required to settle their
disputes under the DSB/DSU proceedings and the overall WTO regime.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(ii). To
identify and examine the level of African countries’ participation in the DSB
proceedings.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(iii). To
ascertain those factors that serve as barriers to African countries’
participation in the DSB proceedings.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(iv). To
ascertain whether the WTO provisions (either in parts or in a whole) and its
institutional structure impacts on the participation of African nations in
those proceedings.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(v). To
highlight any other finding(s) that may impact the subject of the participation
of African countries in the DSB proceedings.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(vi). To
provide strategic framework and propose recommendations that can be envisaged
by African countries to ensure greater participation of developing countries in
the WTO proceedings.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(vii). To look
at alternatives to the current dispute settlement mechanisms for African
nations whiles waiting on the outcome and possible reforms from the ongoing WTO
negotiation rounds.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY (<span style="color: red;">can we
strengthen this section with more evidence based materials.. Citations)<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Although the
advent of the WTO regime has provided significant opportunities and prosperity
for developing and developed countries alike, many third world nations are
still impoverished as they are unable to tap into the promised prosperity of
free trade (Buyonge and Kireeva, 2008). Several studies have discussed the WTO
Dispute Settlement Mechanism with respect to international trade and their
agreements (Alavi, 2007; Busch et.al, 2003; Bown et.al, 2005). Hence, the
findings of this study will add to the body of knowledge and comprehension of
the participation of African countries and other poorer nations in the DSB
mechanism and how to enhance the WTO system to deal with them. The significance
of this study will address the following:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Identify the conceptual framework of the existing WTO
regime and how it deals with African nations and the other developing
countries.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Contribute to the ongoing efforts to reform the existing
legal framework and mechanisms of the WTO in the negotiating rounds.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Contribute to the useful and difficult knowledge on the
factors that are/could impact the successful participation of developing
countries under the WTO regime.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">To draw
the attention of African Group of Negotiators and the other developing
nations to the reforms process from the DSU and the other WTO rules,
particularly the cultural exclusion clauses which are possible new legal
barriers to market access that has not yet been raised by the African
Group and the developing world in the negotiating rounds.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">All in all,
the study will contribute to the emerging body of literature that examines the
obstacles confronting third world nations in their ability to seek recourse for
protectionist trade practices against them under the WTO dispute settlement
mechanisms.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.7 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><a name="_1fob9te"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The
current thesis is structured at three levels. In the first level, the study
will provide a background study that supports the topic and central argument of
the study as well. Later, secondary literature is reviewed and analyzed in
detail. In the third level, the study comes up with its own hypothesis
testifies and then draw possible conclusions form the data collected. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.8 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">This thesis adopts a mixed
methods approach in response to its research questions. It combines
comparative, empirical, doctrinal and historical methods to provide a deep
examination of all pertinent dimensions of the research problem stated. The
current study is mixed in nature and hence collects the primary data and
secondary data. The primary data is collected with the help of questionnaire
survey. A questionnaire is developed considering the constraints and later
distributed among the participants selected for the study thorough survey
monkey. The sampling methods employed in the current study is convenience
sampling method. The instrument used in the study to collect the data is
questionnaire. Later, the data gathered is tested using statistic tools and
discuss the results analyzing the data and results of statistics.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">This thesis has adopted a
qualitative empirical approach to fill in the gap. The empirical component of
this thesis consisted of a questionnaire survey conducted in Africa for 25
years till date(<span style="color: red;">today??). </span>The participants
included from different sectors were chosen taking into account their
backgrounds, experiences, roles with regard to WTO DSM. The monkey survey
questionnaire included open-ended questions, rather than closed-ended questions
that are normally answered by a simple ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ responses, with the
purpose of ensuring sufficient flexibility to allow and encourage the
participants to respond in more depth, exploring fully the themes, the key
topic and issues during the survey. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><a name="_3znysh7"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Apart
from the <span style="color: red;">survey</span>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>the doctrinal research method is described as locating the law or
sources of law and analyzing the text, in order to reach a tentative
conclusion, predicated on solving a specific legal problem, or envisaging a
future development. In order to answer the research questions, and to
comprehensively cover the themes of the current study, this study also included
a limited doctrinal component. Most importantly, the current study undergoes a
historical research that implies the better understanding of the past for a
better future. Thus, the study adopts a historical method to identify and
discuss the challenges that have inhibited the participation of African
countries under the WTO dispute settlement mechanism. The thesis provides a
historical insight into the challenges African countries have been facing to
participate in WHO DSM. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The current thesis also
analyses the credibility and validity of the research by evaluating the factors
such as integrity, competence, sound judgement, relational sensitivity,
trustworthiness, reliability, transparency, replicability of outcome, and legal
authority. In other words, the purpose of the study is to analyze the
credibility and validity of the above discussed factors with regard to the
challenges faced by African countries in WTO DSM. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; border: none; line-height: normal; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt;"><a name="_2et92p0"></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> 1.9
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The study
would cover the twenty-five years of existence of the WTO dispute settlement
architecture from 1995 to 2020.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The study will
not delve into all the possible factors accountable for African nations’
inability to participate in the dispute settlement mechanism. Thus, the study
is limited to the organizational structures and functioning of the DSB/DSU as
well as the cultural exclusion clauses. It would also consider the very few or
little participation by the African nations either as plaintiffs, respondents,
or as third-party involvements. Equally, the study will analyze the proposals
by Africa nations (2002/03/05 and the least developed countries (2002/03)
negotiation rounds.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The major
limitations of the research have been the effect of the Covid-19 pandemic which
is impacting on many levels. First, the study will be hampered by the
unavailability and inability to access hard copy literatures, particularly
exclusively reference materials and publications, textbooks and journals in
most libraries that were previously opened for in-person services to the
public. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Second, the
pandemic is negatively impacting researcher’s ability to consider and conduct
interviews from trade departments and industrial sector experts in selected
African countries who would have enriched the outputs of the research. But this
is become impossible due to Covid-19 induced governmental and societal
restrictions, time, and resource constraints. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Third, and
finally, the research would have been enriched had they been enough legal
precedents from the panel and appellate bodies of the WTO’s dispute settlement
system involving African nations beyond the very few ones or peripheral
involvements.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.10 CHAPTERIZATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Layout of the proposed
chapters for the whole study is given below. Chapter 1 provides background to
the study and an introduction to WTO regime in African country. Chapter 2 will
contextualize the WTO DSM in general across the world. All the possible
challenges that have inhibited the participation of African countries under the
WTO dispute settlement mechanism will be discussed in this chapter. The chapter
will also discuss the importance of the WTO DSM for developing countries. It
will contextualize African countries dispute in the WTO DSM by describing: (1)
a short overview of its trading profile, economy and development, and the
importance of Africa’s participation in the WTO DSM, (2) Africa’s early
engagement in the GATT, (3) Africa’s accession to the WTO. The chapter also
will provide arguments and evaluate the possible solutions that would address
the barriers which are inhibiting African countries’ participation under the
WTO rules and DSU/DSB. Chapter 3 will provide literature review relevant to the
current study. Chapter 4 provides detailed research methodology, research
process, research design followed in the current thesis. Chapter 5 testifies
hypothesis and discusses the results of the current thesis along with
implications of the current thesis. Chapter 6 is conclusion chapter that
discusses results of the study and future scope of the research. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.11 LITERATURE REVIEW<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">There is substantial
body of available literature on Africa and other third world nations’
participation in the WTO’s dispute settlement system. This study would lean on
the works by Amin Alavi <span style="color: red;">(1), </span>Busch and Reinhardt<span style="color: red;">(2)</span> <span style="color: red;">to your references </span>etc,
Clement Ng’ong’ola, Edwini Kessie and Kofi Addo,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Susan Esserman and Robert Howse and
several others to demonstrate that despite the usual challenges that are
inhibiting Africa’s participation, there are other numerous problems confronting
Africa under the DSB/DSU.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Several other
literatures in this subject area are consulted along in the progression of this
study.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">To begin with,
Amin Alavi (2007) examines the position of African countries in relation to the
WTO’s Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM), particularly as participants in the
ongoing review of the WTO rules under the DSU. Whiles he posits that the
challenges facing sub-Saharan African countries (SSA) in seeking recourse under
the DSM are akin to those other third world nations, he contends that these
problems are even more difficult to overcome. Amin concurs with the African
Group’s conception of the obstacles to their own participation in the DSM –
high entry barriers, lack of credible retaliatory system/power, etc. (Supra
note 28, p. 1). Also, he advances his own reasons for Africa’s minimal role in
the WTO, which includes low level of development and insignificant stake in
international trade that in turn undermines their ability to build a pool of
experts who can negotiate the best possible deals individually and for the
whole continent. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">He equally
asserts that the WTO’s and its legal framework seem to alienate African and
other third world nations because those rules were drafted without due
considerations to their concerns and realities. Alavi further frowns on the
retaliatory provision under the WTO rules because African countries barely have
the power to retaliate against industrialized nations when the recourse to
their complaints from the DSU/DSB is retaliation. Therefore, he recommends that
African countries build alliances with other nations with similar interest like
the collaborative support to the G-20’s negotiation position on agriculture
during the Hong Kong Ministerial in 2005. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Much as Alavi
identifies the specific challenges confronting African nations participation
under the WTO’s DSM, he has failed in identifying possible solutions like
third-party party participation, which can enable State parties to join a
principal party in case before the DSB and/or its Appellate Body<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as an interested party in the possible
outcome of the case (Zunckel, 2005, p. 20). This was demonstrated in the Upland
Cotton precedent where Benin and Chad joined Brazil as third parties in the
case against the US. Alavi equally failed in recognizing other possible
solutions to the participation challenges such as private counsels and academic
research organizations and think tanks whose research works can help poorer
countries to maximize their resources. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Besides, Busch
and Reinhardt (2003) sought to explore whether developing countries have
derived better outcomes for themselves under the WTO DSM than they had under
the previous GATT regime. They aver that capacity and development constraints
influences a poor country’s determination to initiate a trade dispute or
otherwise. They go on to demonstrate that industrialized countries who are
plaintiffs are more likely to be able to leverage their power to extract
concessions from defendants at the pre-panel phase than third world nations who
are complainants.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Thus, the
authors also assert that “the move has not actually reduced a poor
complainant’s prospects of inducing concessions from a [vulnerable] defendant;
it has merely left behind the poorest complainants” (<span style="background: white; mso-highlight: white;">Busch & Reinhardt, 2003, </span>p. 723).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">But as much as
these views are credibly persuasive, the authors flounder in addressing the
challenges inherently embedded in the nature of the DSM - DSB/DSU. They
overlooked the fact that the remedies under the existing DSM does not reinstate
full benefits to the injured party up to pre-violation levels. The DSM also
lacks financial compensation commiserate to the overall economic losses
incurred by a vulnerable respondent, which is further exacerbated by the
inability of weaker winning parties like African nations to retaliate. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">In addition,
Clement Ng’ong’ola (2009) sets out to investigate some stated proposals pushed
forward by negotiators of the African countries at the Doha Ministerial
conference that was supposed to review the DSU. He takes note of the lack of
progress and breakthrough since the beginning of the DSU review processes. He
asserts that Africa’s major obstacle in the negotiations is how to support
nuanced reform proposals in respect of offensive African participation under
the WTO’s DSM. Clement observes that factors such as third-party rights, panel
compositions, special and differential treatment provisions, sequencing and
post retaliation and others are being negotiated in a bottom-up approach by
State parties to the WTO regime. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Furthermore,
he argues that proposals such as a dedicated fund to financing the DSM, hosting
the DSM processes in capital cities of third world nations as part of the
special and differential treatment provisions, and collective retaliatory
measures against one industrialized respondent would amount to nothing or very
little effect addressing African countries’ lack of participation. Thus,
developing countries should look for major reforms beyond these ill-conceived
proposals which basically amounts to tokenism with little impact on African participation
in the DSM process. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Clement posits
that the negotiations are likely to yield no positive outcome for Africa if
they do not focus on addressing their insignificant share of international
trade, and advocate for stronger third-party participatory rights. While<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Clement is urging African countries to
continue to engage in subsequent negotiations with the view to influencing the
evolutionary trends in the DSM, he is especially disappointed and cynical about
the African Group’s proposals and the overall DSM review process at the Doha
Round. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">In view of the
above, it is very clear that the WTO’s DSM must undergo some organizational and
institutional reforms before it can attempt at addressing the needs of African
or least developed countries. If African countries who constitute the majority
of the WTO membership are largely absent or cannot access the DSM, then the
overall goal of ensuring the predictability and security of the multilateral
trading system remains a mere theoretical endeavour.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Edwini Kessie
and Kofi Addo in recognizing the uniqueness of the WTO’s DSM process in
comparison to the GATT, noted that the system is being assessed on the basis of
the frequency of access to the DSM. They observed that it is mostly the leading
industrialized nations who are making use of the DSM than even the African
countries and the other developing nations, which is not different from the
experience under the GATT as third world nations accounted for only 10% of the
initiated cases under that previous GATT regime. According to the authors,
Africa’s lack of participation in the WTO’s DSM process is due to their
insignificant share of global trade and lack of expertise in the WTO matters,
which they further argue has consequences for the development of legal precedents
in the DSM and jurisprudence in the area of international trade law. They
review the African Group’s proposals at the Doha Round and correctly predicted
the rejection of those overambitious proposals by the industrialized world. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Edwin and
Kofi, therefore, admonished African nations to amongst others, adopt certain
proposals that could enhance their participation: third party participation and
involvement of institutions like UNCTAD in the DSM process, and addressing the
supply-side constraints which obstructed their abilities to diversify their
efforts.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Despite the efforts in
providing new alternative proposals to the African Group’s proposals, the
authors failed to recognize that the factors that constitute majority stake
amongst the barriers to the non/little participation by African countries is
the DSU itself. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Susan Esserman
and Robert Howse acknowledges the compulsory and binding nature of the DSM, and
suggest that compiling a more comprehensive history of the WTO’s negotiation
rounds would be resourceful to guiding the DSB and the Appellate Body’s
interpretation of the texts of the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ambiguous treaty provisions in the DSU. They describe the consultative
phase of the DSM as superficially ineffective and goes onto suggest the
involvement of professionally trained facilitators with expertise in
alternative dispute resolution as a recourse to addressing these shortcomings.
Whiles<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the authors are quick to point to
the fact that much of the reliefs under the DSU are ineffective, they suggest
that those ineffectual WTO rules remain because they represents the most
essential pillars of the global economic order that releases the
socio-political and economic pressures, which otherwise could have threaten the
WTO’s mission for free multilateral trade regime.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">THESIS TIMELINE CHECKLIST <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">That the
indicators below should be presented in a Gant Chart………………..<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Stages of Research</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Aug - Oct 2020</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.1pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Nov - Dec 2020</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Jan – Feb 2021</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.3pt;" valign="top" width="127">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Mar 2021</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Apr 2021 </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Preparing thesis
proposal<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Seeking ethics approval<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.1pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.3pt;" valign="top" width="127">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 74.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Preparation, testing and
modification of the survey questionnaire<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: red; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.1pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.3pt;" valign="top" width="127">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 74.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Embarking on actual data
collection<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.1pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: red; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.3pt;" valign="top" width="127">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 74.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Data entry and cleaning<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.1pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: red; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.3pt;" valign="top" width="127">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 74.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Data Analysis<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.1pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: red; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.3pt;" valign="top" width="127">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 74.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Progress Report Writing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.1pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.3pt;" valign="top" width="127">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: red; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 74.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Pre-Defence Final Thesis<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.1pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.3pt;" valign="top" width="127">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 74.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: 1pt solid black; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.1pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.3pt;" valign="top" width="127">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 74.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Thesis Oral Public
Defence<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.1pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.3pt;" valign="top" width="127">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 74.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Post-Defence Final
Thesis<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.1pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.3pt;" valign="top" width="127">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Publication of
Post-Defence Final Thesis<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.9pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.1pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.3pt;" valign="top" width="127">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 74.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
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</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">This study will be the
initial phase of a much comprehensive study on the participation of developing countries
under the existing dispute settlement system that will contribute to understand
the magnitude of the institutional factors that impacts that participation. It
is my fervent hope that the study’s outcome will contribute to the enhancement
of the knowledge and academic discourses around the subject.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">References<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-highlight: white;">Alavi, Amin. (2007). African
countries and the WTO's Dispute Settlement Mechanism. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Development Policy Review</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">25</i>(1),
25-42.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-highlight: white;">Busch, M. L., & Reinhardt, E.
(2003). Developing countries and general agreement on tariffs and trade/world
trade organization dispute settlement. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">J.
World Trade</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">37(4)</i>, 719 -
735.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Buyonge, C. and Kieeva, I. (2008). Trade Facilitation in Africa:
Challenges and Possible Solutions. World Customs Journal 2(1), pp. 41-54.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-highlight: white;">Esserman, S., & Howse, R.
(2003). The WTO on Trial. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Foreign
Affairs,</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">82</i>(1),
130-140.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>https://www.jstor.org/stable/20033434 <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-highlight: white;">Footer, M. E. (2001). Developing
Country Practice in the Matter of WTO Dispute. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">J. World Trade</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">35(1)</i>,
pp. 5-98.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-highlight: white;">Kessie, E., & Addo, K.
(2007). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">African countries and the
WTO negotiations on the dispute settlement understanding</i>. International
Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-highlight: white;">Ng’ong’ola, C. (2005). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">African Member States and the Negotiations
on Dispute Settlement Reform in the World Trade Organization</i> (No. 11).
Tralac Working Paper.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The World Trade Organization: The WTO, available from: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.wto.org/index.htm"><span color="windowtext" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">https://www.wto.org/index.htm</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> [accessed on June 13,
2020].<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The World Trade Organization: Dispute Settlement, Rules of Conduct for
the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes,
accessed from: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/rc_e.htm"><span color="windowtext" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/rc_e.htm</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> [accessed on May 19,
2020).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-highlight: white;">Zunckel, H. E. (2005). African
Awakening in United States-Upland Cotton, The. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">J. World Trade</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">39</i>,
1071.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">World Trade Organization. WTO Dispute Settlement: One-page case
summaries. World Trade Organization, 2010.<span style="background: white; mso-highlight: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>Dissertation Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04856268284423446277noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6795576222697885643.post-88589111097047939342020-10-30T15:41:00.000+00:002020-10-30T15:41:32.620+00:00Sample Data Analysis Work - <p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-align: justify;">The aim of this study is to deepen our
understanding of endurance (marathon) runners and their underlying personality
traits. In essence the study aims to explore why psychopathy may be a predictor
for how many marathons a person runs with psychopathy being defined by
Levenson’s self report psychopathy scale?</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></p><div>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Objectives of study</span></b></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">The central question that this
project asks, is: Is psychopathy a predictor for marathon running? In
particular, this study will address the following hypotheses:</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">H0: Gender and age of marathon
runners does not impact psychopathic traits. </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">H1: Repeat marathon runners display
a higher level of psychopathic traits than single marathon runners.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">H2: Secondary psychopathy traits
will be more prevalent than primary psychopathic traits in multiple marathon
runners.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">H3: Time passed since last marathon
impacts the level of psychopathic traits.</span></p></div>Dissertation Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04856268284423446277noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6795576222697885643.post-60570860424856432112018-05-08T13:18:00.000+01:002018-05-08T13:18:00.130+01:004 Books for academic writing every to-be doctorate should read<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Reading the books on writing obviously has several advantages. You certainly become very aware and knowledgeable about the different norms in academic writing. Moreover, as you understand the mechanics of the process you also may find yourself enjoying it as well. So, here are the four academic writing books that everyone should read before embarking on the writing task:</div>
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<b>1.</b> <span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">How to write a better thesis</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> by Paul Gruba and David Evans</span></div>
<div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-20c4dd30-1ba1-cf2b-fcd0-946b032e8c76">This book is phenomenal. Are you new graduate school? That’s great; now get your hand on this book. The charm of this book is that it keeps things simple with overwhelming you too much yet gives a comprehensive guide to what it is that you need to know about editing and proofreading a thesis. You could follow this book if you are a Ph.D. student or a master’s student writing your first thesis.</span></div>
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<b>2. Helping Doctoral Students to write by Barbara Kamler and Pat Thomson</b></div>
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The book forays into the difficult world of scholarly grammar. It provides a good number of examples that can be quite a blessing even for the most grammatically challenged person. The book is a real rescue from all the vague advice that one gets on how to improve grammar. The book has a broad appeal that will be enticing for both the humanities and science Ph.D. students. The book is highly recommended for graduate students who may be getting frustrated with vague grammar advice and not really get a sense of what it is all about. The book is very popular and is highly loved by different graduate students.</div>
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<b>3</b>.<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The unwritten rules of Ph.D. research</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> by Marian Petre and Gordon Rugg</span></div>
</div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-20c4dd30-1ba5-3a79-5ebb-cf1c98881ef1"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">The book alludes to the social complexity of completing a Ph.D. and is genuinely funny in some parts. It is a great read for many Ph.D. students and offers people a wonderful guidance on writing the best conference papers.</span></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: arial; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. 265 troubleshooting strategies for writing nonfiction by Barbara Fine Clouse</b></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-20c4dd30-1ba5-3a79-5ebb-cf1c98881ef1"></span></div>
<div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-20c4dd30-1ba5-3a79-5ebb-cf1c98881ef1"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">This book is outstanding in a way that it does not dictate you how to write rather it gives you practical advice on how to improve your writing. The book is replete with examples that are of great help for graduate students. The book has more than one idea of how to write better such as using analytical tools or writing backward and so on. The book is simply adorable because of its creative spin to something that is so complex and nuanced.</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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Dissertation Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04856268284423446277noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6795576222697885643.post-273452453883607942018-05-01T11:08:00.004+01:002018-05-01T11:32:47.315+01:00How to manage your project advisor?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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With the beginning of a new session, one wonders what all work needs to be done. The work can vary from managing accounts, meetings with the advisor or checking for the timetable of classes or labs, talking about new ideas and many more. It depends on us how we prioritize it. One of the main works is to manage the project advisor. It is a task to keep the relationship healthy between the guide and the student. </div>
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There can be various situations for a student before entering the research phase at a bigger level. Either the student had a guide at graduation level to which he referred for every step or the student is not under guidance for long and now again he is entering this phase. Both of the situations are different but in this new scenario, the students need to build the bond with his teacher for better work. An advisor is quite similar to the manager; he has to set up things for a good project. There are few tips I can give you according to my experience, it’s your choice if to implement them or not.</div>
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<b>Discuss what you need</b>: If you want to go for a conference or want to go into a laboratory for some work in another college, meet any specialist; you have to discuss the requirements with the project advisor. </div>
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<b>To schedule meetings:</b> At times you need to meet the concerned person and he is busy, you will have to arrange a meeting with him. If he is not able to reply, share a folder and put important notes to be discussed at the required date of the meeting. You may contact the guide in his free slots and remind him constantly for a day or two about the meeting. </div>
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<b>Meet the advisor despite his availability: </b>The student should meet even if the teacher has very less time. In case, you don’t have anything to discuss, tell him about your progress but be in touch with him at least once a week.</div>
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<b>Give priority to group meetings:</b> Try and not to miss any group meeting as a bundle of people will help you sort out your few problems while discussing them. They have knowledge which you can choose any time during your project.</div>
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<b>If you need his time, ask for it:</b> You can respect his hard work as you are also going through the same phase. Anytime, you think you are not comfortable and seek help, just ask him for it.</div>
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<b>Notes are required properly:</b> Whatever your plan is, pen down and discuss accordingly. Don’t just go and start doing the work, discuss the methodology, note down the points required and then start.</div>
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<b>Never let time win over you:</b> Complete all your papers, assignments, notes or thesis work on time. Don’t leave the technical paperwork pending as it creates a fuss.</div>
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I have shared my own experience and thus, gave you these tips. You may share yours but learn from these and make a healthy relationship between the advisor and the student. </div>
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Dissertation Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04856268284423446277noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6795576222697885643.post-32299483392521573822018-03-30T12:37:00.000+01:002018-05-01T12:38:15.681+01:00PhD Projects – Why Dissertation India is the preferred choice of PhD candidates<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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It is not easy to manage PhD projects as these involve extensive research work, detailed writing, careful review, and impressive thesis presentation. Whether it is about selecting the right topic for a thesis or conducting statistical analysis for gathered research data, scholars can get stuck at any stage of PhD research. At such times, professional research support services come to their rescue.</div>
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However, it is critical to find the right academic research services provider. At Dissertation India, we are a preferred choice of thousands of PhD candidates who need research consultation and support from industry experts. Find out why they love to hire our academic writing, editing and statistical consultants.</div>
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<b>1. End-to-End Research Support Services:</b> Unlike other academic research services providers in the market, we offer a full range of services. From help with PhD thesis topic selection and synopsis writing to thesis editing and research paper development, we guide PhD scholars at every step. Thus, we are a one-stop shop for PhD candidates.</div>
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<b>2. Original and Authentic Solutions:</b> We do not believe in template work and offer only original solutions to PhD candidates. Our academic writers ensure that no client documents have any kind of plagiarism or borrowed content in them.</div>
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<b>3. Customised Help:</b> Whether PhD candidates need help with thesis chapter writing or journal paper editing, our services are always customised per their specific requirements. Our academic writers, editors and statisticians make sure that they understand every single requirement of the client project before delivering appropriate solutions.</div>
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<b>4. Immediate Assistance:</b> As many PhD candidates need to meet tight deadlines for work submission, we are available 24 hours at their service. PhD candidates can seek our services anytime, anywhere. We are also available to offer help on urgent projects. Scholars can always depend on us, because we offer timely project delivery.</div>
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<b>5. Compliance with Institutional Guidelines: </b>Almost all academic institutions ask students to follow specific writing style rules and formatting standards. When they approach us for thesis development or editing help, we ensure that their work is fully compliant with these citation and writing guidelines.</div>
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<b>6. Domain Expertise:</b> With Dissertation India, all PhD candidates can be sure of receiving guidance and support from experienced subject matter experts. We only allocate academic writers or editors who have specialised knowledge of the subject of their thesis.</div>
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At Dissertation India, PhD candidates receive high-quality academic research support and expert feedback on their projects well in time. No doubt, they find us dependable when they lack time or face problems at any step of their PhD research journey.</div>
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Dissertation Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04856268284423446277noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6795576222697885643.post-72388491424708513922015-04-21T12:37:00.000+01:002015-04-21T12:37:08.203+01:00 Questionnaire Design Services – How You Can Receive a Relevant Tool for Your Research<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="EN-US">When you take
professional help in designing a questionnaire, there are certain things that
you may expect to receive in your data collection tool. Let us try to
understand how such services may help with a relevant and effective tool
design. Since a standardized questionnaire is the basis of collecting the
required data, professional statisticians can actually help you in coming up
with the right set of questions to ask all your study participants.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">They help you
understand the design through which you will be able to develop a uniformly
applicable tool. Through professional assistance, you will also be able to
create a reliable and valid questionnaire that can elicit the responses of
participants any time on the same platform. A statistician is always aware of
the value of capturing the right data that can be used to throw light on the study
objectives and to explain its hypotheses. Thus, he/she understands your study
details well before suggesting a tool that can answer all your research
questions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">When you go for
questionnaire design services, you can also be sure of owning a data collection
tool that helps you in capturing highly accurate data. This happens because you
receive professional support to choose the right statistical methods for designing
it. Service support additionally helps you in choosing a rating scale that goes
well with your research design.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Further, you
will be able to address important ethical issues if you design a tool with the
help of a statistician. You can frame questions in a manner that is not hurting
for even sensitive subjects. Professionals make you choose objective and correct
language, without the introduction of any personal enquiry. You can easily test
a professionally developed questionnaire on a smaller sample before
implementing it on all your subjects.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Dissertation Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04856268284423446277noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6795576222697885643.post-67226746429769805012014-04-11T06:20:00.001+01:002014-04-11T06:20:38.300+01:00Submitting Academic Papers That Prove Your Mettle<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Apart from all other courses, a doctorate or a Master's degree truly proves your mettle when you turn in your thesis. The hard work that goes into your research paper cannot be put in words and you need to present it properly in order for it to get the recognition it deserves.<br />
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Turning in your dissertation requires assistance at different stages of your paper so as to ensure that it meets requirements and is presented according to standards. The team of experienced academic writers and statisticians at Dissertation India can help you meet these standards and guide you at different stages of your dissertation right from choosing the best topic down to submitting a perfect paper.<br />
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Dissertation Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04856268284423446277noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6795576222697885643.post-82119724309329954572014-01-01T11:21:00.002+00:002014-01-01T11:21:31.091+00:00Academic Editorial Practices: Recent Developments<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The field of academic writing has undergone many changes as education metamorphoses with changing trends and cultures. In view of this, editorial practices have also had to evolve and develop to ensure that they conform to the standards required by different academic sectors. The formal, informal and tertiary educational sectors have changed their requirements over time, and academic writing has conformed itself to accommodate the changes in these sectors.</div>
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<b>Developments In Editorial Practices</b></div>
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In recent times, editorial practices have changed be able to represent to a greater level the thoughts of students, while retaining the standards that various educational sectors hold crucial. The focus is more on a system that changes as global societies evolve with culture, economics, society and politics. These developments aim at dealing with antiquated learning systems and improving knowledge and outcomes of learning while retaining the mind vision of the student.</div>
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In many schools, knowledge is still viewed as something that should merely be collected and learned, and much this narrow view has prevented diversifying of information and application of this knowledge. Recent academic editorial developments focus on using education for greater awareness and understanding of elements that are changing rapidly. While retaining its focus on its dependency on existing educational systems, developments in editorial practices are also increasing the importance given to reflection and logical action for any sort of analysis.</div>
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Dissertation Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04856268284423446277noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6795576222697885643.post-33015021943886148502013-09-06T09:45:00.001+01:002013-09-06T09:45:14.243+01:00An overview on Psychology Dissertations<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
A psychology dissertation is not very different from a dissertation in any other sciences. It is aimed at providing new information, idea and theory pertaining to the research field. A psychology dissertation is well structured with minimum description and maximum clarity. The main aim of a psychology dissertation is to make the readers understand a complex idea. Precision is really important because in a psychology paper facts are to be supported by research especially from previous researches done. Writing a psychological thesis involves a great amount of discipline in forming a thesis, writing the actual purpose of the thesis, supporting conclusions of the thesis and defending them from various questions and challenges.<br />
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The key to psychology dissertation writing is to be able to read the sources critically. This is important for being informed about the subject matter on which you are writing. Also, it helps you to do strength and weakness analysis for your thesis proposal by evaluating the arguments, conclusions, methodologies in others thesis. The thesis can be review papers, theoretical or empirical thesis, but they all will include adopting or working on a writer’s point of view and then adding your observations to same. Therefore, understanding and considering in detail the evidence of the writer which he has used to prove his/her argument is important. It is important to analyze the statistics and check whether the conclusion is in-line with the evidence.<br />
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Different types of psychological research papers can be written like grant proposals, research articles, review articles. Students can either take up a research topic of their own or an existing research topic i.e. an empirical research where existing research by someone is reviewed. In case of an empirical research or Literature review as it is called, it is important to add one’s own inputs based on the research done apart from adding up to the existing research. Therefore, it is important that the reader should be able to understand how the context is integral to the thesis that is drafted. If there is doubt related to the strength and relation of the context to the thesis then the instructors should be consulted.<br />
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Another very important part of physiological research is that the evidence should be based always on the data available or collected. The evidence should never be based on the perception of the audience or the writer. Even if there are statements that the writer strongly believes they should not be written as facts unless there is a proper data to back it up, hence a statement should not come as surprise to the audience. Therefore, make sure that your psychological thesis should be based on new idea and theory and should support conclusion with evidence to be able to defend it against the questions and arguments.<br />
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Dissertation Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04856268284423446277noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6795576222697885643.post-48527977280917103432013-09-02T14:01:00.000+01:002013-09-02T14:01:05.413+01:00How to Write a Well-organized Dissertation Proposal<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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A coherent dissertation proposal is actually the gateway to successful dissertation. However, in order to write such a dissertation, it requires firm determination, research, and dedication. Moreover, a good beginning is what is required for a dissertation proposal to trigger interest. Therefore, it needs a lot of thinking and a systematic process to write a proposal.<br /><br />As a first step, you start by thinking a bigger picture by writing all your ideas even though they do not relate together. You can then analyze and choose the most interesting one that can easily meet an academic requirement. This step itself is much like a learning experience wherein you conceptualise your proposal. Next, you conduct a preliminary research to peel down your thoughts and find out whether sufficient information is available to investigate your ideas. There is no need to engage in too much reading and research on every literature piece. You just have to get enough information to convince yourself that your dissertation will be original as well as successful.<br /><br />It is beneficial to discuss the proposal ideas with your dissertation advisor to follow their advice and listen to their criticism. You may also add a timeline in your proposal, as the committee audience will wish to know how long it will take to fulfill the specific goals of dissertation. When you begin to write, ensure that you ask yourself whether there is enough understanding, encouragement, and ability to complete your dissertation. Once sure, you need to pay importance to the structure.<br /><br />Did you know that several factors affect the structure of your proposal for dissertation? A few of the common factors include your study field, research work, and deadlines. For making your dissertation proposal well organized by keeping these factors in mind, you can follow a few major guidelines.<br /><br />• Start with an introduction with all information regarding the former work on that topic.<br />• Include all basic information with evidences in the proposal.<br />• Draw precise and up-to-the-point conclusions.<br />• Ensure clarity about research work purpose and strategies that gave you the results and conclusions. Split your writing into small paragraphs properly to convey your ideas clearly.<br />• Have consistency in the format you choose and include proper citations.<br />• Concentrate on the specifications, grammar, and vocabulary as well.<br /><br />As a tip, before beginning even the research work, take some time to go through the proposals of others for getting a better idea of what you have to do. <br /><br /></div>
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Dissertation Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04856268284423446277noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6795576222697885643.post-49714746033961923482013-07-13T07:08:00.001+01:002013-07-13T07:08:45.362+01:00Endnote - Software From Reuters for Managing References<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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EndNote is an excellent commercial reference management software package produced by Thomson Reuters. This software package is primarily used for managing bibliographies and references while writing essays, dissertations and thesis papers. While using EndNote, the writer groups citations into “libraries” with the file extension *.enl and a corresponding *.data folder. </div>
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Managing references has emerged as one of the most important aspects of the research paper writing process. EndNote is a program which presents the user with a window containing a drop-down menu that is used to select the type of reference that is required. EndNote allows the users to select multiple citations and hence allows him/her to prevent the hassles of manually entering the citation information and the abstracts. EndNote can automatically format the citation into whatever format the user can chosen from a list of over two thousand different citation styles. Some of the most popular citation styles include Harward, APA, MLA etc. </div>
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EndNote has become one of the most popularly-used tools among researchers, scholarly writers, students and librarians across the globe. This software tool is basically used to search online bibliographic databases, organize references and related files and to create bibliographies on an instant basis. Using EndNote allows the users to save countless hours of typing and interpreting style requirements for publications of research papers; whether they are dissertations or thesis papers. If you are a researcher, then you too can proceed ahead with using EndNote which can help you save a lot of time and efforts on managing the citations included within your dissertation/thesis paper. </div>
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Dissertation Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04856268284423446277noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6795576222697885643.post-21933089878113683992013-06-19T07:38:00.000+01:002013-06-19T07:38:03.634+01:00Who’s your saviour in the times of dissertation writing troubles? <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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While creating a dissertation, there might be times when the research students might face issues. Such issues act as a major road-block in the dissertation writing journey and it is during this time that most of the students tend to get afraid and often quit. Highly experienced dissertation writers have emerged as a ray of hope for all such students who tend to fret with the idea of creating a remarkable dissertation paper. </div>
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Online dissertation writing services firms are there to offer the desired assistance to research students who tend to face issues while writing their research paper; whether it is a dissertation or a thesis paper. These firms lift the burden of the students facing great difficulties in writing the dissertation in a well-organized manner. The experts employed under the renowned dissertation services firms put in all their best efforts towards helping students combat the stress that is accompanied with the dissertation writing journey. </div>
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Whether you want assistance on selecting the right topic for your dissertation or want to gather some brilliant tips on collecting the best data for your research project; you’ll be able to grab every type of assistance once you choose to hire the services from these firms. It is perfectly normal for students to make mistakes while creating their dissertation; gathering assistance on editing & proofreading the research paper can ensure the 100% error-free nature of the paper. </div>
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If you are finding troubles in preparing the proposal for your dissertation, then also you can grab the expert assistance offered by mentors who work for various reputed dissertation writing services firms. The experts would work in synchronization with you and ensure that you complete your research project in a hassle-free manner. </div>
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Dissertation Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04856268284423446277noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6795576222697885643.post-24158631877215785732013-05-13T10:35:00.002+01:002013-05-13T10:37:58.295+01:00Choosing the perfect dissertation idea<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Every dissertation is based on a specific idea/theme and it is this theme/idea which actually decides the success or failure of a dissertation document. If you are a research student, then you would be quite aware about what importance a perfect dissertation topic holds in the success of a research document. In this post of mine, I would be offering you with some brilliant tips on choosing the best dissertation topics.<br />
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Prior to settling down for a specific dissertation topic, it is quite important for you to ensure that the one you intend to select is extremely interesting and meaningful. The topic needs to be quite scalable and easy to make a study on. As a whole you should feel quite excited about undertaking the thesis writing task. Ensure that the topic you choose is actually solvable because there are times when even after putting in long years of research; no meaningful solution has been possible for a particular research subject.<br />
The topic of your dissertation must be 100% original because if you work on a topic that has already been researched, your study might lose its significance and in a way you might lose important grades in your final term examinations. Once you have chosen a dissertation topic, take a deep breath and start off. I am sure once you build up that confidence in you, you would surely come out with flying colors. </div>
Dissertation Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04856268284423446277noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6795576222697885643.post-77151165287565534252013-04-26T06:06:00.000+01:002013-04-26T06:06:39.550+01:00Resit Dissertation Help-necessity of every second time appearing student<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Dissertation submission is one of the tedious tasks for any student in academic life. The student is never ready to resit a dissertation because of its tedious procedure. Student who wish to make a successful career, seek professional resits help to pass the second time. The most common reason for resit dissertation is failure to submit desired level of dissertation. Even if a merit student fails to submit a dissertation of desired level, then he/she needs to resit the dissertation for many reasons. The most common reason includes improper citation of resources and literatures.<br />
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<b><a href="http://www.dissertationindia.com/" target="_blank">Dissertation Services</a></b> have a team of highly specialized professionals, who work on the resit dissertations. The student should make sure about the expectation of resit dissertation from a dissertation service provider. The mentors of these writing companies assist the students in providing key notes for the difficult area of the subject makes student get help on the dissertation.<br />
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Resit dissertation help is necessary for the student to get success in a second time attempt. Before going to seek for dissertation help, a student should make a detailed study on feedback of their professor on their dissertation. The entire information from professor regarding dissertation should be clearly communicated to the dissertation service providers, who starts working on the dissertation by considering the comments and suggestions of the professor. For more information on dissertation help one can contact any of the <b><a href="http://www.dissertationindia.com/" target="_blank">Dissertation Services Company</a></b>.<br />
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Professionals of dissertation writing company focus on the doubtful area of the dissertation. They do research on the weak areas and make those areas effective and informative. This is a challenging work for a dissertation service provider because working on the same resources and data is not easy.<br />
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Sometimes students may require rewriting dissertation entirely, and hence the students seek help of dissertation services. Service provider helps the student in rewriting the dissertation or entirely editing it as per guidelines of the institution. Dissertation experts check the abstract and basic structure of the dissertation. They ensure that student's dissertation abstract includes the scope and nature of the work. The experts of these companies assess the student's original dissertation according to a certain criteria. The criteria mainly include – different segements of the dissertation such as introduction, Literature review, Methodology of research, analysis, conclusion and references. All the inputs from the student are kept in mind while editing dissertation. Assigning of resit dissertations task to the student is always combined with a tough submission deadline. This increase the pressure on the student as well as pressure on the editor, which is managed by the experts of the service provider easily.<br />
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Dissertation Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04856268284423446277noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6795576222697885643.post-12747494592236249732013-04-10T10:40:00.004+01:002013-04-10T10:41:15.267+01:00Pros and Cons of Paper Questionnaires<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Questionnaires play a critical role in the process of collecting data so as to be included within the research document. From the aspect of the survey design, self-completion questionnaires are often considerably cheaper per interview to administer than interviewer-administered ones. Paper self-completion questionnaires are typically sent by mail to people who qualify or are thought to qualify as eligible for the study. They may be members of a panel who has agreed to take part in surveys, or they may be taken from a database such as customers of a company or members of an organization. In this blog of mine, I would be making you familiar with the pros and cons of paper questionnaires.<br />
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When it comes to the advantages of paper questionnaires, it is best to say that with a proper paper self-completion questionnaire, respondents have time to consider their answers in an efficient manner. They can leave the questionnaire whilst they think about an issue, or whilst they go away to check something or look up some information. With little pressure on the participants, they can writer lengthy and full answers to open questions if they wish to do so. While seeking professional <a href="http://www.dissertationindia.com/" target="_blank">Dissertation Help Service</a>, it is important to ensure that appropriate assistance on conducting interviews is also being sought in the best manner. Descriptive material can be included for evaluation. Written descriptions and pictures of new concepts, products or ideas can be included, and again the respondents have the time to read and digest these before giving their responses. For photographs and drawings, as well as written material, a level of production quality can be achieved that is appropriate to the study. <br />
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In contrast to the above mentioned advantages of paper questionnaires, there are some disadvantages of the same. With paper questionnaires, it is not possible to ask a spontaneous brand awareness question if the questionnaire includes brand names in any of the other questions. An instruction in the question for respondents to give their first reaction cannot be enforced, nor encouraged in the way that an interviewer can, either face to face or by telephone. <a href="http://dissertationindia.com/">Dissertationindia.com</a> is one of the leading firms involved in offering cutting-edge assistance on the collection of data that is important for the credibility of the research document.<br />
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Dissertation Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04856268284423446277noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6795576222697885643.post-87041571465334559142013-02-26T11:34:00.002+00:002013-02-26T11:36:35.581+00:00Chapters of a dissertation help to be precise<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Just imagine what would happen if the entire thesis or dissertation was written in a flow, without dividing it into chapters? An academic dissertation is not a work of fiction that can be presented seamlessly. There has to be a proper division of matter in chapters. There is a purpose behind formulating the structure of the dissertation in such a manner.<br />
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The different parts of a research report give varied information and deal with diverse aspects of research. Clarity and knowledge about the inherent nature and motive of each chapter of <b><a href="http://www.dissertationindia.com/" target="_blank">Dissertation help</a></b> in making a dissertation that is good to read and easy to understand. Here is a brief idea about the contents of chapters of a research report:<br />
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<li><b>Abstract:</b> this is the starting point, which will give an idea about the objective of research and the proposed theory. Writing the abstract with brevity is essential; equally important is to state the focal point of the study in the opening lines of the abstract in a manner that the reader is attracted towards the idea and drawn in to read the further chapters.</li>
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<li><b>Introduction:</b> Do not say all you have to in this chapter; remember that it is only an introduction to the resources and methods you have used. These must only be mentioned in brief here, to be expanded later. After all, if you explain your research design in your introduction, then why would someone read the methodology chapter?</li>
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<li><b>Literature review:</b> The purpose of this chapter is not to list the books that you have read, but to associate prior research with the current study. Show this relation to point out the similarities and differences in opinion expressed by the authors of such books or articles. </li>
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<li><b>Research Methods:</b> Since there are so many points to be mentioned in this chapter, it is easy to get confused. State the sources of data, method of collecting data, methodology for research and the rationale behind it, analytical tools used and the way of representing the results. All this information must be stated under proper sub-heads, so that the reader does have to struggle to find some information.</li>
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<li><b>Data Analysis and Results:</b> This chapter is the action packed part of the dissertation, where you must make modules, tables, graphs and work towards proving the hypothesis. The Result must be stated with clarity, but not explained in this chapter. </li>
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<li><b>Discussion and Conclusion:</b> These parts give a recap of all that you have done throughout the research and discuss the possibility of further analysis of the topic.</li>
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<li><b>Bibliography:</b> This is the list of the references that you have used and must be prepared by using a standard citation style. Using a reliable <b><a href="http://www.dissertationindia.com/" target="_blank">Dissertation Help Service</a></b> will help you in preparing an impressive bibliography. </li>
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So, stay focused and do not mix up the content of the different chapters.<br />
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Dissertation Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04856268284423446277noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6795576222697885643.post-585934758229223722013-01-08T10:41:00.001+00:002013-01-08T10:41:33.867+00:00Send your draft to a Research Paper Writing Service<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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As an academician, I often wonder how many research papers are written on a variety of subjects every year, across all universities of the world. There are PhD scholars working on research papers and master’s students who have to create such papers as a part of their curriculum. Then, there are academic guides, who, during the course of their professional life, come across many interesting topics that tickle their thought process and create research papers on the same.<br />
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While many of these papers reach a publication house, only a few are lucky enough to get published in reputed journals, which enjoy a decent readership. The rest are returned to the authors with suggestions for improvement. Many research papers, especially those that are written by professors, never see the light of the day, as their authors are too preoccupied to send them for publication. After all, it is not just the writing part that has to be completed for the research paper. The document has to be edited, formatted and presented in a suitable manner before it is sent to a publication house. All these activities are time consuming for academicians, and many scholars are not aware of the proper way in which the formatting is to be done. So, be it due to lack of time or lack of knowledge, many valuable research papers can never be shared with the peer group.<br />
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However, all is not lost. There is still hope for the scholars, as they can take help from a reliable <a href="http://www.dissertationindia.com/research_papers.html" target="_blank">Research Paper Writing Service</a>. The service providers are experienced academic writers, who are aware of the format to be followed, the kind of language to be used and the presentation style that is prescribed by publication houses. They can write the research papers from scratch, after they are provided a draft for the same.<br />
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It is also necessary that accurate journals be targeted for publication of the papers. There are different rules that are laid down for research papers, and following these rules will be easier if you have thorough knowledge of the same. If you are pursuing your master’s course, then you can opt for MBA <a href="http://dissertationindia.com/thesis.html" target="_blank">Thesis Writing Service</a> for writing the research paper. Having a published research paper for your field of specialization will be beneficial when you are applying for a corporate role, as the recruiter will know that you have thorough knowledge of the field, as well as make extra efforts to sharpen your skills. Hence, try to make that research paper perfect and then pitch it for publication. If you have any research paper which you wish to get published, share its topic with us on our Facebook page.<br />
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Dissertation Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04856268284423446277noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6795576222697885643.post-34379898945497767362012-12-14T05:13:00.004+00:002012-12-14T05:13:52.890+00:00 Learn to share your thoughts through Research Papers<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Sharing of ideas through writing has been an age old practice, one that is still being followed as the best mode to disseminate ideas addressed to a large population. As a scholar or academician, when you have a brilliant idea that is worth sharing, you must not waste the potential of that thought by keeping it to yourself. It is quite possible that your idea can make an enormous difference to the way in which the industry is currently working, and will be appreciated by your peer group. Another possibility is that your idea may act as the seed for further studies and stimulate thinking by other researchers. Cumulatively, the impact made will be considerable. </div>
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Now, that you know that sharing the ideas that take form within your mind is the best thing you can do, you need to decide the best mode to do so. Words can be your tool to spread the thought, and as a researcher, you need to make conscious efforts to make your work as comprehensive as possible. For most academicians and scholars, research papers are the chosen mode since they grant flexibility, scope for expression and a chance to get published in reputed journals. </div>
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If you can create a research paper that is worthy of publication in the leading journals, in your field of study, then the doors of opportunity are open for you. Your work will reach the widest audience, who will acknowledge your efforts and further share the ideas. Thus, through research papers, you not just get to vent out your thoughts on paper, but also get a chance to get famous. If you wish to make the research papers popular, there are some intermediary goals that you must attain. Your first aim must be to affect the mind of the readers and capture their attention. Your idea must act as a virus, and infect the reader’s mind. </div>
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There are two ways in which the research paper can be created. One is where you start the research work, and take up the documentation part only once the research is finished. Another way is to combine both; you keep writing the research paper, and make improvements as you proceed with the research. Though both methods are effective, you have to decide which way works for you. To convey the idea with force, you need to make sure that you the following:</div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>An issue that has not been solved</div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>An idea that is engrossing and has scope</div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Data and details that will help to find the solution</div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>A workable model of the solution, or execution of your idea</div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>A comparison of your approach with other people’s theories</div>
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When you start the research paper, it is quite possible that you will just have the problem to be solved and an idea to work upon. The rest of the elements will need to be collected and created. Gathering of data, presenting the information in a suitable form, creating modules and models, and interpreting the results of analysis will be the steps that will take you to the final goal. If you get stuck at any of these steps, you must consult a <a href="http://www.dissertationindia.com/research_papers.html" target="_blank">Research Paper Writing Service</a>, which will guide you and assist at various levels. But before you choose one, make sure that the mentors understand your thoughts and have subject matter expertise in the area to be handled.</div>
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The abstract of your research paper will be crucial as it is the section that will help an editor to decide whether or not to go through the entire paper. Keep the abstract crisp, and state the following points:</div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>What the problem is</div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Why is it interesting or noteworthy</div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>What your solution achieves</div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>How does it stimulate further research</div>
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It is a good idea to write the abstract at the end so that you have a thorough knowledge of all that has been included in the paper and can precisely tell what is vital. </div>
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The introduction of the paper must describe the problem in detail and state your contribution. Using an example is an effective way to explain the problem. The contribution must be written in a manner that emphasizes them and draws the attention of the reader since they will drive the entire paper. Your contributions must be unique and refutable. For instance, stating that you study the properties of a system is not enough; state the exact properties and how you analyze them. When you have to create research papers as part of your master’s course, it will be advisable to opt for <a href="http://www.dissertationindia.com/mba-projects.html" target="_blank">MBA coursework help</a> from mentors who have written and published research papers. </div>
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Then, there are references to be included in the research paper. The related works must be sorted according to their relevance and authenticity. Remember the following facts while creating the literature review:</div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Giving credit to others does not diminish the value of your paper</div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>If you fail to give credit to other’s work, it can harm your paper, and cause plagiarism</div>
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If you are stating an old theory as your own, it will mean that either you have not done in depth study to realize that it already exists, or that you are cheating from someone else’s work. Either of these ideas can prove to be a death sentence for the research paper. It will never get published if the editor suspects you or negligence or plagiarism. There are many sources where you will find relevant references. Your mentor will suggest a few sources. Prior works and their bibliographies will be helpful. An article that tells about the perfect sources for research can be found <a href="http://www.dissertationindia.com/blog/dig-out-the-perfect-sources-for-research" target="_blank">here</a>. </div>
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Lastly, the process of writing the research paper must be started early, if you wish to complete it within a set deadline. Your work will need a few rounds of revisions to become mature and perfect. If you rush through the job, it will not turn out as expected. So, start early and attain positive results.</div>
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Dissertation Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04856268284423446277noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6795576222697885643.post-44150756644542471312012-10-18T06:56:00.000+01:002012-10-18T07:01:07.660+01:00Demarcate Your Research Questions And Hypotheses<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="http://www.dissertationindia.com/" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="211" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1nQNjv_p4uo/UH-ZNLPegQI/AAAAAAAAAJw/gby3n31CD70/s320/213e.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">There are several elements
in a research report, which are enough to confuse and confound a scholar. The
aims, hypothesis, objectives and questions are a few things that are essential
for any research report and must be stated in the most precise form. But, to achieve
this precision, it is first crucial to get clarity on the role of each one of
these features. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Research questions will
inform a reader the issues which you are addressing, and which you wish to
answer through the study. This is what you want to learn. The hypotheses
complement the questions, by stating the probable answers that form the basis
of your research. These are the theories that you form on the basis of prior
study or experience and you aim to prove the same by the time you reach the
conclusion, through data analysis. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">In many qualitative, the
hypothesis may be just propositions, but they serve the function of theories.
These are grounded in the prior studies and data that are sought by means of
preliminary research and formation of the proposal. The theories are connected
with the research data and are tested in interaction with them. On the other
hand, a quantitative study will state hypothesis as theories which do not have
a base in the data, but are to be tested against it. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Many times, the hypothesis
is formed after the data has been collected, in the case of qualitative
research. While in the quantitative studies, the data requirement is always
based on the hypothesis. Even after the theory has been formulated and stated,
it must be revised to ensure that there are no validity issues, they conform to
the information at hand and they are practical enough to be proved. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Whatever be the kind of
hypotheses that one forms, it must be borne in mind that they are not exactly
the objectives of research. The goals of your study will extend beyond just
proving the theory. It will also include answering the related research
questions, as well as proving the relevance and usability of the research
results. So, when you sit down to prepare a research report, outline your
questions, aims and theories roughly, so as to proceed with clarity later. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, 'times New Roman', helvetica; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Send in your requirement today at <a href="mailto:info@dissertationindia.com" style="color: #2e6fc3; text-decoration: none;">info@dissertationindia.com </a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, 'times New Roman', helvetica; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.383333206176758px; text-align: justify;">or call at </span><span class="skype_pnh_container" dir="ltr" skype_menu_props="{'numberToCall':'+911127357534' , 'isFreecall':false, 'isMobile':false, 'isRtl':false}" style="background-attachment: scroll !important; background-image: none !important; background-position: 0px 0px !important; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat !important; border-collapse: separate !important; border: 0px none rgb(0, 0, 0) !important; bottom: auto !important; clear: none !important; clip: auto !important; color: rgb(0, 175, 253) !important; cursor: pointer !important; 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Dissertation Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04856268284423446277noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6795576222697885643.post-68102184097557145172012-10-05T11:40:00.003+01:002012-10-09T08:12:00.394+01:00Pay attention to your research questions<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">A research
starts always with a question which the researcher seeks to answer through
observation, data analysis or experimentation; or a mix of all these methods. However,when you form research questions, you have to be careful to present the
question in manner that makes it easy for any reader to understand the purpose
of the work.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">There are
various aims that the questions achieve, depending on where they appear. In a
proposal, they are responsible for giving information to the readers about the
objectives of the research and identify the goal. On the other hand, when they
are included in the </span><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.dissertationindia.com/research-methodology-chapter.html"><span style="line-height: 115%;">research
design in the dissertation</span></a></b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><b>,</b> they help the writer to focus on the topic of the
research, as well as decide upon the methodology to be followed for research.
The question itself gives an indication towards the method which can be best
used for finding the answers. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">Because of
such importance of the questions, they must always be specific. There must be
no ambiguity in the formation and presentation of questions. It becomes
difficult to identify the methods to be adopted for collection of data, locations
that are fit for collection of data, participants of the study and methods for
analysis of data. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">The reason
is simple. When you do not know the place where you want to reach, how will you
decide what route to take and what transportation will be best suited? Generation
of a relevant theory is dependent on the proper framing of the research
question. Specifically framed questions will point a researcher towards a
module that can be used for developing and understanding the study. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">However,
there is a potential danger if the question is too specific or has a narrow
scope. In such a case, the scholar will overlook some points which are not
factored in by the questions, but do impact the study. Some prior theory or
variables may be left out of the scope of research. Thus, the tightly bound
questions form a knowledge tunnel, and shuts out the light of external factors
or prior theories. Also, the students may not be careful enough to connect the
questions with the goals of the study in the proposal. Such negligence will
make it tough to get an approval.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 18px;">Send in your requirement today at <a href="mailto:info@dissertationindia.com">info@dissertationindia.com </a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, 'times New Roman', helvetica; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.383333206176758px;">or call at </span><span class="skype_pnh_container" dir="ltr" skype_menu_props="{'numberToCall':'+911127357534' , 'isFreecall':false, 'isMobile':false, 'isRtl':false}" style="background-attachment: scroll !important; background-image: none !important; background-position: 0px 0px !important; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat !important; border-collapse: separate !important; border: 0px none rgb(0, 0, 0) !important; bottom: auto !important; clear: none !important; clip: auto !important; color: rgb(0, 175, 253) !important; cursor: pointer !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Regular', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif !important; 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font-family: arial, 'times New Roman', helvetica; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.383333206176758px;">. </span></div>
</div>
Dissertation Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04856268284423446277noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6795576222697885643.post-74354229192410972502012-09-27T10:35:00.001+01:002012-10-09T08:12:15.813+01:00Contextual background in a case study<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">If you are pursuing a management degree, there is high
probability that you would have been asked to conduct a case study. There is a
twist in the research format when a case study is being done, since the subject
here is an individual sample. A case study is a typical <b><a href="http://www.dissertationindia.com/dissertation.html" target="_blank">dissertation</a></b> which
focuses on a particular example. To make the readers acquainted with the
subject matter, you must include some background information about the ‘case’. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">You are the researcher and would have observed the subject
from close quarters, spent time studying it, and would know a lot about the
case. But, the people who are reading your case study are completely new to the
same. So, including these points to facilitate an easy understanding of the
case study would be a great idea:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">The name, location and history of the organization or
group that you are studying to tell how the development occurred over the years</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Information about the national and international
scenario of the industry which you are studying will be beneficial in giving
and idea about the recent occurrences which impact the case, as well facilitate
some comparison</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">If there is a corporate entity being studied, then the
details of day-to-day working will be also mentioned. If it is a social group,
then there must be details about the members of the group and their activities</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">The currently accepted theory, being practiced in the
organization must be mentioned. General management theory can also play a
significant role in defining the working culture and methodologies at a
corporate group.</span></li>
</ul>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Though the background is important, it must be give only that
information which is pertinent to the readers and does some value addition to
the study. So, do not go into the minor details. Finally, it’s your discretion
that you will have to use to judge the importance of some information.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span>
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Dissertation Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04856268284423446277noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6795576222697885643.post-75204371471463888372012-09-26T06:17:00.002+01:002012-10-09T08:12:57.116+01:00Use Research Note Cards to ease your task<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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There can be no end to writing and taking notes when you are conducting research. You may have filled up notepads, diaries and, at the end of it, be confused by the bulk of notes. In the frenzy of noting down each and every point, you may just skip the necessity to stay organized. This is really detrimental to your research, as you will spend more time searching for the relevant matter and stating it clearly.</div>
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One way in which you can note all you want, without creating a mess, is by using research note cards. These cards are prepared in such a manner that each card contains a particular idea. It is best to use lined cards, which are large enough to include a paragraph on a topic. The cards can be color coded to differentiate between notes from one source and another. Though it is advisable to use a card with a decent size, do not try to fit in two ideas on one card to save space. This will again make them ambiguous.</div>
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You can either write directly on research cards, or refine the notes you make in your diary to write on the cards. They will be useful when you are taking notes on the move, during observation. Do not hesitate to include more matter than you need. It is always up to you to choose the information wisely for your research report; but you will not be able to find or remember which you do not note at the right time.</div>
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When you are making notes from a published source, you will have to cross check all the matter at least once after writing it. Each note card must contain the source name, or number if you have created a coding system; information about the publication; author’s name and your comments. Being exact and having even the page numbers included is a good idea. You must have your own system to organize your notes, so that later, you can use them accurately. Last tip for today; do not use abbreviations while making notes. A few months later, when you sit down to document your work, you may have no idea of what you wrote.<br />
<br />
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Dissertation Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04856268284423446277noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6795576222697885643.post-16614493998310232872012-09-10T12:01:00.000+01:002012-10-09T11:46:13.956+01:00Shaping the research objective, step by step<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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What you are trying to achieve through your research is a
question that your peers and guides will ask right at the beginning. When
starting a task, you must be sure of its end as well; otherwise, it is very
easy to be misled, or leave the task midway. The goal must be very clear. In
fact, unless you are sure of the objectives of research, you cannot determine
the research questions and move on with the study. So, look before you leap;
and identify the purpose of your study.</div>
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There are a few steps which you can follow for deciding the
objective:</div>
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<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span>A review of the literature: go through the
studies and reports which have been created based on the subject by other
researchers. There can be various sources, like the internet, college
libraries, newspaper reports, journal papers and books on the topic, which you
can explore for finding out what has been written and discussed earlier.</li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Find the knowledge gap: after you have briefly
studied all the literature you can find, note down the results and see their
scope. Thus, you will be able to locate the area which has not been explored,
or has many facets untouched. </li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span>Focus your study: the next step will be to
adjust the focus of the study in such a manner that it addresses the knowledge
gap and seeks to fill it. The research aim will be crafted accordingly.</li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span>Explore the society: if you are a social
researcher, you can consider looking around yourself in the society and finding
areas which need attention. There can be issues which need to be resolved, and
matters which require attention. You can aim to solve a part of these problems
with the help of your research team. </li>
</ul>
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Whether your research objectives are social, medical or
legal or simply literary in nature, they must be properly defined. If the
conditions in which you are working are dynamic, then the objectives can change
during the course of the research. To allow for such changes, the goals must be
kept flexible to some extent. <br />
<br />
Send in your requirement today at <a href="mailto:info@dissertationindia.com">info@dissertationindia.com </a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, 'times New Roman', helvetica; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.383333206176758px;">or call at </span><span class="skype_pnh_container" dir="ltr" skype_menu_props="{'numberToCall':'+911127357534' , 'isFreecall':false, 'isMobile':false, 'isRtl':false}" style="background-attachment: scroll !important; background-image: none !important; background-position: 0px 0px !important; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat !important; border-collapse: separate !important; border: 0px none rgb(0, 0, 0) !important; bottom: auto !important; clear: none !important; clip: auto !important; color: rgb(0, 175, 253) !important; cursor: pointer !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Regular', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif !important; font-size: 14px; left: auto !important; 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Dissertation Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04856268284423446277noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6795576222697885643.post-28855519880693481872012-08-06T07:24:00.000+01:002012-10-09T11:47:15.282+01:00Measure and compare data over time<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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While doing surveys for research, you can either take a onetime approach, getting information at a particular point of time, or you can be wiser and adopt a method that measures the opinions and responses of people at different points in time. This second approach is also known as longitudinal surveys, probably named so because of the relation between time and longitudes. This methodology is used a lot by students who pursue social science research, medicine or ecology.</div>
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Taking this approach becomes necessary for making a comparison of responses, or tracking the changes in the preferences of people over time. Without this comparison, many studies would be meaningless. There can be three types of longitudinal surveys. The first is trend study, wherein you would select a sample from the entire population, which changes every year or every quarter. An example for this can be considering the data for a class, which will have new students every year. The image below shows a comparison of various skills of students for four years. </div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-M5sFXfWmsf0/UB9iiey1khI/AAAAAAAAAI8/uJ4VbmjsEXg/s1600/untitled.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" eda="true" height="225" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-M5sFXfWmsf0/UB9iiey1khI/AAAAAAAAAI8/uJ4VbmjsEXg/s320/untitled.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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Another type of longitudinal survey can be Cohort study. A cohort is a group which has the same characteristics. So, in such a study, all the members of a group are studied over time. The observation can be for a group based on culture, ethnicity, education level, caste, economic background or age.
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The last category is that of panel studies. This will be useful to you when you wish to follow the progress of a particular group of people over time. Here the subjects will be the same, but the data will change every time you collect a sample. For evaluating the contribution of a course to the development of skills and aptitude of students, the same set of students will form the sample group over the duration of the course. This period might be a few months, or some years. So, if you intend to use cohort study, plan well in advance to be able to finish the research in time. Also, keep a track of the members of the group that you choose. If you end up providing data for just half the population in the last cycle, the study is only 50 per cent complete. For Help in Dissertation Data analysis and Research Methodology, contact us at <a href="mailto:info@dissertationindia.com">info@dissertationindia.com </a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, 'times New Roman', helvetica; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.383333206176758px;">or call at </span><span class="skype_pnh_container" dir="ltr" skype_menu_props="{'numberToCall':'+911127357534' , 'isFreecall':false, 'isMobile':false, 'isRtl':false}" style="background-attachment: scroll !important; background-image: none !important; background-position: 0px 0px !important; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat !important; border-collapse: separate !important; border: 0px none rgb(0, 0, 0) !important; bottom: auto !important; clear: none !important; clip: auto !important; color: rgb(0, 175, 253) !important; cursor: pointer !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Regular', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif !important; 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Dissertation Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04856268284423446277noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6795576222697885643.post-62013060217892162312012-05-08T13:33:00.000+01:002012-10-09T11:47:37.404+01:00Sound statistics for a stable research<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Statistical research is one area where even the best of scholars faces problems. Treading on unknown land can be quite unnerving for a researcher, who is already boggled by the plethora of information. After he goes through dozens of references and selects the most appropriate ones, he will have difficulty getting into the groove for statistical research. However, the use of statistics is imperative for the research methodology and data analysis chapters. </div>
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To make sure that the research design is proper, and statistics does not become a stumbling block for research, the writer must get some assistance, which is perfectly valid. Taking guidance for statistical part of the dissertation or thesis is absolutely ethical, as it is in the form of consultation. There are expert statisticians offering help with the most complicated part of a research. They act as mentors to the scholars, by guiding with the decisions that affect the dissertation. </div>
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One would wonder why one aspect of research would be so critical that it needs exceptional attention. The reason is that the research design is formed by deciding the research methodology, and the data analysis is the part where the results are sought through the creation of modules. Data need to be collected after determination of the research questions. The methods for collection of data are also varied, and the choice will depend on the research methodology. </div>
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The actual data analysis involves the use of several tools and software, which can take years to master. Even in his wildest dreams, a graduate researcher cannot think of being perfect in the use of the tools and apply the software without mistakes. Since a small mistake in the analysis can produce misleading results, it is essential to get the calculations right. This can be achieved only with the help of an expert. The crux of the matter is that, instead of trying to complete the statistical research alone, a scholar must take along a guide. </div>
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Contact us today at <a href="mailto:info@dissertationindia.com">info@dissertationindia.com </a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, 'times New Roman', helvetica; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.383333206176758px;">or call at </span><span class="skype_pnh_container" dir="ltr" skype_menu_props="{'numberToCall':'+911127357534' , 'isFreecall':false, 'isMobile':false, 'isRtl':false}" style="background-attachment: scroll !important; background-image: none !important; background-position: 0px 0px !important; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat !important; border-collapse: separate !important; border: 0px none rgb(0, 0, 0) !important; bottom: auto !important; clear: none !important; clip: auto !important; color: rgb(0, 175, 253) !important; cursor: pointer !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Regular', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif !important; font-size: 14px; left: auto !important; line-height: 22.383333206176758px; 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